Theme:

Bioelectrostatics

Funding:

Reckitt Benckiser plc

Development of naturally-charged aerosol system for enhanced removal of airborne dust and allergens.

Primary investigators

• Prof J F Hughes
• Dr L F Gaunt

Associated research groups

• Electrical Power Engineering
• Electronics and Electrical Engineering

Theme:

Bioelectrostatics

Funding:

Reckitt Benckiser plc

Use of essential oils for allergen denaturing.

Primary investigators

• Prof J F Hughes
• Miss S C Higgins

Associated research groups

• Electrical Power Engineering
• Electronics and Electrical Engineering

Theme:

Bioelectrostatics

Funding:

EPSRC

Exposure of E Coli bacteria to unipolar ions shows varying levels of bacteria kill. Both negative and positive ions effective for culture grown bacteria and biofilms.

Primary investigators

• John Hughes
• Mr J Noyce

Associated research groups

• Electrical Power Engineering
• Electronics and Electrical Engineering

Theme:

Bioelectrostatics

Funding:

Reckitt Benckiser plc

Development of passive charge-on-demand aerosol aerosol container for domestic products.

Primary investigators

• Prof J F Hughes
• Dr L F Gaunt

Associated research groups

• Electrical Power Engineering
• Electronics and Electrical Engineering

Theme:

Bioelectrostatics

Funding:

National Asthma Campaign

Evaluation of the effects of unipolar ionic bombardment on the denaturing of Der p1, Der f1, Fel d1 and Der p2 allergens. Both negative and positive ions have been shown to cause varying levels of allergen denaturing over long-range exposure.

Primary investigators

• Prof J F Hughes
• Dr N Goodman

Associated research groups

• Electrical Power Engineering
• Electronics and Electrical Engineering

Date:

2003-2005

Theme:

Sensor Technology

Funding:

EPSRC

The programme of work will aim to fabricate a variety of sensors onto a prosthetic hand. The chosen enabling technology for the sensors is thick-film fabrication, as this will allow multiple robust and compact sensor types to be deposited at a relatively low-cost. The design for the prosthetic hand will be based on an existing device that will be modified to incorporate the sensors. We are aiming to fabricate force sensors based on thick-film piezoresistive material; slip sensors that exploit the piezoelectric behaviour in specially formulated screen printable films and temperature sensors that are made from thick-film thermistors. The sensors will be characterised on a variety of different substrate materials so that the optimum combination can be selected for inclusion within the hand. Extensive testing will be undertaken on the assembled hand with the sensor arrays using a variety abstract objects representing the classification of the functional patterns of the natural hand. Other objects found in Activities of Daily Living tasks will also be used.

Primary investigator

• Neil White

Secondary investigators

• phc
• awc

Associated research groups

• Electronic Systems and Devices Group
• Electronics and Electrical Engineering

Date:

2002-2004

Themes:

Web Science, Knowledge Technologies

Funding:

EPSRC (GR/R91021/01)

Organisations have invested considerable resources in developing intranets that attempt to capture aspects of �corporate knowledge�. When writing new documents, trying to find and reuse the intrinsic knowledge held in other documents amongst an ever-rising mountain of documentation, is at best impractical. The aim of this project is therefore, to produce a novel writing tool, which is underpinned by an enhanced knowledge structure and hypermedia design model. As a result we aim to help authors improve the coherence and consistency of documents they are creating by helping to assimilate key knowledge in each new document.

Primary investigators

• Les Carr
• Wendy Hall

Secondary investigators

• Gary Wills
• aw01r
• tmb

Associated research groups

• Intelligence, Agents, Multimedia Group
• Learning Societies Lab
• Electronic and Software Systems
• Web and Internet Science

Theme:

Medical Engineering

Background

Prosthetics is an obviously emotive issue, as the absence of a limb, either by amputation or by congenital defect is a highly visible ‘disability’. Despite this prejudice, many of those with congenital defects do not consider themselves disabled, or in need of a prosthesis, due to their existing ability to adapt to the surrounding environment or task. Others, including the majority of amputees, often wish to regain some of the functionality (or at least, the appearance) lost with the limb, by the use of a prosthesis. However, the potential use of functional prostheses, or cybernetic systems, involving an interface between man and machine, is also sometimes viewed as unnatural or unappealing. Consequently issues such as anthropomorphism become as critical in prosthesis design as the size, weight, and power consumption of the device.

The Southampton Philosophy

The Southampton Artificial Hand has been in existence for several decades, and is based upon the original hypothesis for the development of a hierarchically controlled, myoelectric prosthetic hand. Although the mechanics of the Southampton hand has undergone several evolutionary stages, it is the main control hypothesis that forms the foundation of the Southampton Hand.

In order to grip an object with a natural hand, the brain utilises vast quantities of information from sites all over the hand and fingertips, to provide muscular reflexes that adjust the grip to ensure that the object doesn’t slip. Conventional myo-devices require the user to decide how much force to exert on an object by control of the EMG signals in the forearm. The main difficulty is that there is no feedback (other than visual), hence it becomes very difficult for the user to maintain any form of minimal grip without the object slipping.

The Southampton philosophy concentrates on devolving the responsibility of grip adjustment from the user to the hand itself. The ‘intelligent’ hand uses sensors, electronics and microprocessor technology to allow this adaptive device to maintain optimum grip (thereby ensuring that objects do not slip from the hand) under the jurisdiction of a state driven control system (which allows easy control of the prosthesis).

At present a multiple degree of freedom device is under development, utilising lightweight materials to produce a highly functional, adaptive prosthesis. Funding from Remedi (Rehabilitation and Medical Research Trust) has enabled the realisation of prototype systems, which will undergo further development and evaluation.

Funding from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) allowed us to investigate the use of thick-film technology to design and construct sensors to improve the functionality of the hand. The approach adopted has been to instrument the fingertips with sensors to measure grip force and object temperature and to develop sensors to detect the onset of object slip as part of an autonomous control system with the aim of automatically adjusting hand grip strength or posture to prevent slip occurring. As part of this project, a new generation of hand has been produced.

Future work will concentrate on developing the ‘intelligent’ finger: a self-contained modular unit that combines both sensors and associated instrumentation circuits and that communicates with a central control system (potentially located on the palm or the wrist socket) through an RF wireless link.

Research Areas Involved

This project spans a wide range of disciplines which is often the case in biomedical engineering. The diversity of these knowledge requirements is frequently overlooked, yet the very essence of the Southampton Hand lies in the control of motor-drive systems. Although the overall research continues at postgraduate level, undergraduates are actively involved in specific areas of the work, which forms the basis of final year projects, or group projects. Examples of student projects include the modelling of the mechanical design, development of force/slip sensors, and associated work such as the design of a rehabilitation gripper for fitment to a wheelchair.

A computer animation of the latest version of the Southampton Hand showing the thumb moving across the palm to oppose the index finger can be found here.

Recent Publications

Thick-film force, slip and temperature sensors for a prosthetic hand
Contact force sensor for artificial hands with a digital interface for a controller
Intelligent multifunction myoelectric control of hand prosthesis
The design of anthropomorphic prosthetic hands: A study of the Southampton Hand
Development of a lightweight and adaptable multiple-axis hand prosthesis

Primary investigators

• phc
• Neil White

Secondary investigator

• awc

Associated research group

• Electronics and Electrical Engineering